Maleny Community Precinct Environmental Management Scoping Document
Note - a very long species list at the end of the report has been omitted as have the illustrations and photos.
Contents
1 1.3 Maleny Community Precinct Site
1 1.5 Environmental Values of the MCPS
2.2.2 Vegetation as an environmental corridor
2.4 Rehabilitation of Core Vegetation Areas
3 Environmental Infrastructure
3.2 Recreational Walking Trails
TABLE 3. MULTI-USE TRAIL REFERENCE SITE DETAILS.
3.2.15 Signage, Maps and interpretation panels
3.3 Maleny Community Precinct Multi-use trail Design
3.3.2 Trail link between Mount Beerwah Viewing Area and Obi Obi Creek
Part Two
3.4.2 Northern and Southern residential areas
Reference Site: Golf Course Design
3.5 Wetland Rehabilitation/Modification
3.8 Residential Plan of Development
4.1.7 Monitoring Plant Establishment
Table 5 - growth and performance indicators for revegetation.
TABLE 6. LIKELY ONGOING MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING REGIME FOR MCPS
TABLE 7. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS TO MONITOR IN A WETLAND
TABLE 8. WATER QUALITY MONITORING FREQUENCY,TIMEFRAMES AND TIME ALLOWANCE.
4.3 Trail Monitoring and Maintenance
5 Limitations to achieving environmental outcomes
Australian Wetlands have been engaged by the Sunshine Coast Regional Council (SCRC) to prepare an environmental scoping document for the Maleny Community Precinct site (MCPS).
The Maleny Community Precinct is being developed to provide social, economic and environmental and infrastructure needs to the Maleny Township. The purpose of the environmental scoping study is to provide the Sunshine Coast Regional Council with appropriate information, criteria, guidelines and recommendations to inform Master Planning for the site.
The site has a variety of intrinsic environmental values including sections of endangered gallery rainforest, palustrine wetlands, large paddock trees, spring fed drainage lines and the riparian corridor along Obi Obi Creek. The Caloundra City Council approved Concept Plan sets out future land uses for the site and details a significant proportion of "Environmental Areas" incorporating riverine and wetland riparian vegetation, buffer zones and wildlife corridors, and a network of multi-use trails. The Plan also sets out intentions for residential zones, parks and gardens, a golf course, Pattemore house and surrounds, sport and recreation areas and community facilities.
This report provides detail to inform Master Planning for proposed environmental infrastructure on-site.
The report also sets out the ongoing environmental management requirements and potential limitations to achieving environmental outcomes for the site. Appropriate reference examples are provided throughout highlighting best practice.
There is a need to ensure that the Master Plan for the MCPS provides for long-term rehabilitation of environmental values of the site, which are presently in a relatively degraded state. Having considered the environmental values present on site, and environmental infrastructure and future management proposed/required, the following recommendations are made:
100m wide corridors/riparian buffers should be provided in areas where R.E. mapping shows gallery rainforest to be present along the bank of Obi Obi Creek, and 40m wide Environmental Areas should be provided adjacent to waterways in all other areas. 100m wide corridors/riparian buffers should also be provided around wetland areas. Depending on the sensitivity of the relevant area, there may be scope for these dimensions to be negotiated in places, in exchange for inclusion of an equal area into Environmental Areas elsewhere.
The Environmental Areas surrounding the northern wetland arc Obi Obi Creek should be connected to provide an environmental corridor from Porters Wooc to Obi Obi Creek. This may necessitate reconfiguration of some elements within the South Western Community Facilities Area (i.e. a section may have to be moved into the adjacent 7a area (sport and recreation area).
The eastern wetland should be retained and a 100m wide environmental bt-ffer surrounding this area should be implemented consistent with other wetlands or site.
Appropriate investigations should be undertaken into the rehabilitation of the northern wetland to address its highly degraded state.
If the northern wetland is to be modified, it should be done in such a way as to enhance environmental values and water treatment capacity for nearby residential areas. If an open water storage is required to meet community aspirations, this should be provided higher up in the catchment, to enable water to be treated by the wetland before entering Obi Obi Creek.
The temporary road crossing currently located towards the base of the southern wetland should be removed, or alternatively an appropriately designed crossing structure utilizing culverts at appropriate bed levels should be built to minimise hydrological and water quality impacts. The proposed multi-use trail network should comprise the following:
o A Class 1 trail between the South Western Community Facilities Area, which follows the creek closely until it meets the southern wetland. From this point the trail should change to a more environmentally sensitive (suggest Class 3) design, to continue onto Gardeners Falls, providing users with the opportunity to appreciate high-quality, sensitive environmental values at selected locations, which are well designed so as to minimize disturbance to the surrounding area.
The Class 3 trail should then continue on past the eastern wetland, before reverting to a Class 1 trail, which passes Pattemore House, and terminates at Mt. Beerwah Viewing Area. o A multi-use trail designed with cyclists in mind from Mt. Beerwah Viewing Area down to the southern wetland, returning along the multi-use trail along Obi Obi Creek o A pedestrian-only trail from Pattemore House to the southern wetland, incorporating a boardwalk when passing over any identified sensitive areas.
Best practice stormwater management processes are essential to prevent the proposed Rural Residential Area immediately adjacent to a remnant of gallery rainforest from impacting on this area of endangered regional ecosystem. Appropriate restrictions should also be implemented for rural residential areas to reduce impacts on surrounding environmental values.
Arrangements should be developed, either by Plan of Development or some other means, to reduce impacts of residential areas on surrounding environmental values. Design of the proposed golf course should integrate with existing environmental values on site, to minimize habitat loss/disturbance, and avoid water quality impacts. Wastewater re-use options should be considered for irrigation purposes.
Australian Wetlands have been engaged by the Sunshine Coast Regional Council (SCRC) to prepare an Environmental scoping document for the Maleny Community Precinct Site (MCPS), located in the Sunshine Coast Hinterland. The Maleny Community Precinct is a large 122 hectare Council owned site being developed to provide social, economic and environmental and infrastructure needs to the Maleny Township. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of the Environmental scoping study is to provide the SCRC with appropriate information, criteria, guidelines and recommendations to undertake Master Planning and inform the Environmental Management Plan for the MCPS. Specifically, this study will address the following scope of works outlined by SCRC:
Identify the values of the environmental areas within the MCPS including threatened flora and fauna species located in the area and note any management tools that may be relevant to those values;
Investigate and provide indicative alignment of the multi-use trails through the environmental area which maximizes recreational and viewing opportunities whilst minimizing potential impacts;
Describe and scope the appropriate environmental management infrastructure for integration into the final Master Plan (wetlands, trails, signage, viewing areas, planted buffers and habitat linkages).
Scope ongoing environmental management and levels of service relating to ongoing monitoring of the health and function of environmental areas and associated costs.
Describe potential limitations to achieving desired environmental outcomes. For example, availability of suitable wetland sites, walking and cycling trails (minimum width and potential impacts on vegetation linkages), buffers/habitat corridors and linkages, impacts of public access and feral animals. Whilst the scope of the Environmental Management Scoping Document is on the areas zoned as "Environmental Areas" within the approved Concept Plan, a holistic view will be taken and consideration will be given to the remainder of the MCPS and the various land uses occurring and/or proposed to occur in these areas. Environmental Areas should, as far as possible, be integrated with adjoining uses.
The Maleny area is approximately ninety kilometres from Brisbane, and sits about 28 kilometres inland within the Blackall Ranges on the Sunshine Coast Hinterland. The local character of the region is distinct and is often noted for its 'green rolling hills'. The scenic amenity offered by the region is a valued component of the local character as well, with unobstructed view lines to the Glasshouse Mountains and surrounds.
The orthographic effects of the Colondale Ranges on the Maleny region creates more reliable rainfall compared to some other areas of south-east Queensland, and the resulting climate and rainfall has resulted in a region containing significant and diverse ecological values. Significant parts of the Maleny area have been cleared to accommodate pastoral and agricultural activities and on the MCP site only pockets of remnant vegetation exist.
The MCPS (predominantly Lot 2 on SP163952, see Figure 1) is located to the east of the Maleny Town Centre within the Maleny Plateau Planning Area and covers an area of approximately 122 hectares. The site is located within the urban footprint of the South East Queensland Regional Plan, and is identified in the Caloundra City Growth Management Strategy 2007 as requiring a Structure Plan, Development of the MCPS also needs to consider the Sunshine Coast Growth Management Position Paper (2008), which provides a pragmatic and strategic approach for the management of population growth in the Sunshine Coast region, through appropriate planning, sequencing and placement of transport, residential development, and infrastructure. The site has an elevation of approximately 450m above sea level, and the topography of the site generally consists of steep ridges in the northern parts of the site which fall to the south.
A number of spring fed drainage lines are present on site, which eventually drain into Obi Obi Creek, at the southern boundary of the site. Some of these drainage lines contain wetland communities with inherent ecological values. The Obi Obi Creek is a relatively short, high gradient creek which has numerous runs, riffles, rapids and some of the deepest pools in any of the Mary river tributaries (Simpson 1994).
The Obi Obi Creek flows into Baroon Pocket Dam, which forms a critical water supply for the Sunshine Coast Region. Like much of the Maleny region, the MCPS has been substantially altered from its natural state and cleared for grazing, however still contains areas of significant environmental value, particularly remnant vegetation along Obi Obi Creek which provides important habitat and environmental connectivity through the area. There are opportunities to not only protect existing environmental values, but to improve them through re-vegetation and incorporation of environmental best practice and education, and the intention to do so has been signalled within the approved Concept Plan. The site also comprises significant heritage values. 'Fairview' or 'Armstrong's house' is located on the site, which has been listed on the State Government Cultural Heritage register. The house was constructed in 1907 of local Beech which was cut, pit sawn and dressed on the property, for Robert and Emily Pattemore. The house is a reminder of the early development of Maleny as an agricultural settlement and the expansion of Dairying in Queensland in the early 1900's, and is one of the oldest surviving pit sawn timber residences in the area.
The Maleny Community Precinct site is located within the Southeast Queensland Regional Plan 'Urban Footprint'. A concept plan was prepared for the site, which was approved by Council in November 2007, and will form the basis for the Local Structure Plan for the site. If approved by Council, the Local Structure Plan will then be incorporated into the new SCRC planning scheme. The approved Concept Plan for the site sets out the approximate planning for the MCPS (Figure 2).
The Plan comprises approximately 8 hectares of residential zoned area, 23 hectares of parks and gardens, a 31.2 hectare golf course, as well as a range of community facilities. Approximately 44 hectares of the site is to be zoned as "Environmental Areas".
Areas designated as Environmental Areas encompass environmentally valuable habitats such as riparian vegetation, buffer zones and wildlife corridors, wetlands and drainage lines and significant remnant and re-planted vegetation. Buffer zones and wildlife corridors are proposed to be retained throughout much of the site, and re-established in some areas to re-connect areas of remnant vegetation, enabling designated Environmental Areas to contribute to the local regional habitat network.
Networks of Multi-use trails are proposed throughout the site for appreciation of the natural assets of the area and amenity. Relevant literature relating to elements of the proposed Environmental Areas designated within the approved Concept Plan are summarised in the following section (section 1.5).
The following section directly addresses Objective al) "Identify the values of the environmental areas within the MCPS including threatened flora and fauna species located in the area."
The MCPS provides a significant source of visual amenity to the immediate local area, including some areas of the Maleny township. The visual character of much of the site is mostly 'green rolling hills' with vegetated gullies and paddock trees.
The main scenic viewpoints are gained along the top of the site to the north from North Maleny Road, Obi lane and Porters lane. Clear views are seen from Pattemore house within the site and from parts of the Maleny township. Limited views are also seen in the south and south east of the site from the Landsborough Maleny road area.
The quality of riparian vegetation varies considerably throughout the site. Some stands of high quality riparian vegetation exist to the east of the site, with a diverse array of native species and a riparian zone width of more than 40 metres. However, in other areas the creek bank is largely devoid of woody vegetation, and covered primarily in exotic pasture grasses.
The high quality riparian vegetation predominates on the steeper sections of the Obi Obi creek and is likely a result of historical clearing practices. Regional ecosystem mapping shows that the majority of remnant regional ecosystems across the site are located adjacent to aquatic habitats. A significant band of remnant vegetation along the Obi Obi Creek has been identified as State Significant "endangered" regional ecosystem (RE 12.3.1) under the Vegetation Management Act (1999).
The endangered regional ecosystem is gallery rainforest (notophyll vine forest).
A definition of this type of forest is provided below: "Complex to simple notophyll vine forest. Waterhousea floribunda is predominant fringing stream channels. Other species can include Cryptocoryo hypospodia, C. obovoto, C. triplinervis, Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, Ficus coronata, F. fraseri, F. macrophylla forma macrophylla, Aphononthe philippinensis, Elaeocarpus grandis, Grevillea robusta, Costonospermum CLIstrole and Syzygium froncisii. Ficus racemosa and Nouclea orientalis in north of bioregion. Eucalyptus spp. emergents (e.g. E. grandis) and Aroucaria cunninghamii; less commonly Agothis robusta may also be present. Occurs on Quaternary alluvial plains and channels. " (QLD EPA 2008)
A list of species recorded throughout the region since 1980 is provided at Appendix A (EPA 2008).
Four plant species are listed as vulnerable under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999 (EPBC Act) including: Syzygium hodgkinsoniae (red lillypilli), Macadamia tetraphylla (Roughshelled Bush Nut), Macadamia ternifolia (Gympie nut), and Romnaldo strobilacea.
In addition, among the species recorded in the region, six plant species are listed as rare under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act of 1992 (QNC Act) including: (Parsonsia largiflorens, (orchid), Corynocarpus rupestris subsp. Arborescens (Southern Corynocarpus), Gossia inophloia (thready-bark myrtle), Lenwebbia sp. (Blackall Range myrtle), Pararistolochia praevenoso (Richmond Birdwing vine), and Acianthus amplexicaulis (green midge orchid).
The site contains three notable permanent or semi permanent freshwater wetlands or sedgeland areas.
For the purpose of identification throughout this report, the three wetlands will be referred to as the northern, southern and eastern wetlands (Figure 3). Wetland areas are predominantly vegetated by macrophytes and freshwater aquatic species, with composition depending on duration and frequency of inundation.
The most significant community of this type is the large southern wetland area located in the centre of the site (between zones 7 and 7a of the Concept Plan, Figure 2), which has been identified as Palustrine wetland (RE 12.3.8., Figure 3 & Plate 1), a regional ecosystem listed as "of concern".
The definition of Palustrine wetland habitat is as follows: "Palustrine wetlands are primarily vegetated non-channel environments of less than 8 hectares. They include billabongs, swamps, bogs, springs, soaks etc, and have more than 30 percent emergent vegetation" EPA 2008".
The southern wetland is in a degraded state, with some evidence of exotic weed infestation, and damage caused by cattle. A temporary road crossing has been built towards the base of the wetland, which appears to be altering hydrology of the site, and impacting on localized water quality (Plate 2). Future management of the wetland habitats should exclude cattle.
The eastern wetland occurs near the eastern boundary of the site (Figure 3) and, whilst much smaller than the southern wetland, shares many similarities. Both wetlands are highly vegetated and dominated by the emergent reed Schoenoplectus mucronatus, and would provide habitat for frogs, birds and other wildlife.
Both wetlands have been impacted by cattle and there are numerous tracks around the edges of both wetlands and though the middle. The northern wetland area is a spring fed drainage line near the western boundary of the site, which flows into the Obi Obi Creek (Figure 3).
This drainage line has been highly degraded and is relatively denuded of vegetation. 1.5.2.3 Other Significant Vegetation Porter's wood on the eastern boundary of the site within the adjacent property has been identified as locally significant in the Caloundra City Plan (2004).
It is significant as a rare example of the vegetation which formerly covered the Blackall Range. There are also several large native fig trees (both Moreton Bay Ficus macrophylla and small leaf fig Ficus obliqua) scattered throughout the site which have both ecological and aesthetic value.
Whilst it is difficult to determine the species present without a comprehensive site investigation, it is possible to determine expected species occurrence based on field assessment to confirm vegetation communities and habitats present, local experience and available literature and resources. The remnant pockets of riparian vegetation along the banks of the Obi Obi Creek, and the creek itself, have been reported to provide key habitat areas and corridors for a diverse variety of fauna. A list of species recorded throughout the region since 1980 is provided at Appendix A.
Among the species recorded, two are listed as endangered under the EPBC Act including the Giant barred frog, (Mixophyes iterates) and Coxen's fig-parrot (Cyclopsitta diophtholma coxeni). Three species are listed as rare under the QNC Act including the grey goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae), Lewin's rail, (Lewinia pectoralis), and sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa). Five species are listed as vulnerable under the QNC Act including the cascade treefrog (Litoria peorsoniona), tusked frog (Adelotus brevis), plumed frogmouth (Podargus ocellatus plumiferus), Richmond birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptero richmondia), and the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (southeast Queensland bioregion).
A number of other species of interest have been recorded on site, including the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Mary River cod are also believed to occur in the vicinity of the Community Precinct site. Mary River cod are a federally endangered species that only occur only in the Mary River catchment and in the Obi Obi Creek. (Simpson, 1994; Simpson and Jackson, 2000). The species has been stocked into the lower areas of the creek since 1998, as well as sporadically into Baroon Pocket Dam, a property below Maleny, Gardeners Falls and Kings Wier (upstream of study site) (B. Simpson, personal communication, 2008). The success of these stocking efforts is not known, as no specific studies have been carried out. However, proposed protection/enhancement of habitats within the MCPS will help increase instream fish habitat within Obi Obi Creek, and is in line with the recovery plan for the species (Simpson and Jackson, 2000). Whilst it is unlikely that all of the abovementioned listed species occur on site, some may begin to utilize habitat and corridors through the site as habitat features are rehabilitated and become more suitable for use.
Hence, it would be valuable to undertake a more extensive survey of vegetation and fauna on site prior to development commencing. This information would give the opportunity to monitor any changes to the site over time and to aid protection of any existing endangered plants and animals identified during the development of the site
A number of introduced animals occur on the site, including the European red fox, rabbits, wild cats, wild dogs, Cane-toads and Gambusia. More detail of these pests and control methods are listed in Appendix C.
The following section directly addresses Objective a2) "note any management tools relevant to abovementioned values."
A table of appropriate management techniques for the protection and rehabilitation of endangered, rare and vulnerable species potentially present at the site is provided at Appendix D.
In general, buffers protect a system component from the effects of change within another part of the same or an adjoining system. Riparian buffer zones are very important for a number of reasons: they often contain diverse vegetation communities which provide a habitat heterogeneity for terrestrial and semi-aquatic organisms; they can influence water flow, both surface and subsurface, thereby improving water quality; they provide shade, which in turn helps control water temperature, algal growth and provides cover for aquatic species; they are a source of leaf matter as a source of food, and woody debris for habitat; they increase bank stability; and they provide corridors for movement of native fauna and flora between geographically separate areas. Riparian zones can also act as a buffer to noise and light pollution from nearby roads or urbanized regions. The effectiveness of a riparian buffer at achieving each of the abovementioned functions varies depending on several key factors, namely bank slope, vegetation species composition and age, and sediment type (Parkyn, 2004). Slope gradient appears to be the most important variable in removal of sediment or particulate pollutants, whereas buffer width is most important for the effective removal of dissolved nutrients (Parkyn, 2004). Riparian buffers comprising grassed buffer strips (referred to as vegetated filter strips) are effective at trapping sediments and nutrients adsorbed to sediments (such as phosphorus), but tend to be relatively poor at trapping dissolved nutrients, or for the provision of shade, food sources, instream structure or corridors for many species (Parkyn, 2004). Riparian buffers comprising taller, woody vegetation are typically good at providing shade, as a source of food and woody habitats, as a screen for light and noise, as corridors for terrestrial fauna (to a varying extent depending on species composition), and as a means for reducing soluble nutrient inputs. Designed riparian buffers often incorporate multi-tiered systems of both native woody vegetation to enhance ecological function, and vegetated filter strip for the management of water quality. In essence, this approach seeks to mimic the complexity and effectiveness of a natural riparian buffer system, and often the best approach is to provide the required buffer width to enable a self-sustaining buffer of native vegetation (Parkyn, 2004).
It is difficult to derive a general 'rule of thumb' regarding buffer width, as this will vary depending on the desired functions of the buffer, volume of water and sediment being transported, and vegetation composition. Whilst a 5-10m vegetated filter strip buffer may be adequate for removing the majority of sediment and adsorbed nutrients, it has been shown to be insufficient for removing soluble nutrients (Parkyn, 2004), and would likely serve limited ecological value. A combination of 10m of grass buffer and 10m of natural vegetation adjacent to the stream has been recommended as effective in many Australian situations from a water quality perspective, (Land and Water, 2004). However, a 10m wide buffer of woody vegetation has been shown to be insufficient to protect Australian streams from changes in algal, macroinvertebrate and fish biomass and diversity (Davies and Nelson, 1994). Table 1 provides a summary of relevant literature, requirements and guidelines relating to buffers and corridors for wetlands, watercourses and significant vegetation in South Eastern Queensland. The range of recommended/required buffer and corridor widths reported is broad (between 40 and 100m), reflecting in part the need to consider values present, topography and management objective of a given site.
TABLE 1. BUFFER AND CORRIDOR REQUIREMENTS FOR WETLANDS, WATERCOURSES AND REMNANT VEGETATION (SOURCE: CHENOWEI H 2005)
Area to be buffered
Wetland
Buffer
100-200m
Rationale
The draft Southeast Queensland Regional Coastal Plan recommends that all lands 100m from a wetland be identified for planning scheme purposes, indicating the buffer area.
The DNRW Regional Vegetation Management Code: Southeast Queensland specifies distances from wetlands of 50-100 metres before mechanical clearing can occur.
The Department of Primary Industries recommends a default buffer of 50m to freshwater systems. However the DPI 'buffer function assessment table' suggests that a buffer of up to 100m may be necessary to protect ecological functions (carbon cycling, leaf litter inputs etc) (Bavins et ol., 2000)
The Caloundra City Plan (2004) requires buffers of 100m, which is consistent with DPI requirements.
Davies and Lane (1995) provide the most comprehensive guidelines to wetland buffers in Australia. They recommend buffers of 200m on sandy soils to prevent nutrient inputs.
Therefore buffers of 100m -200m are desirable, depending on the proposed adjacent land use and the water quality measures to be implemented. Waterways 40-100m.
Area to be buffered
Waterways
Buffer
40-100m
Rationale
The Department of Primary Industries recommends buffers of 50-100m to freshwater systems to maintain ecological processes (Bavins et al., 2000).
These guidelines are consistent with the Caloundra City Plan Natural Waterways and Wetlands Code (2004) which requires buffers of 100m "from the high or outer bank where the waterway supports significant vegetation" or otherwise buffers of 40m from the high or outer bank.
The DNR&M Regional Vegetation Management Code: Southeast Queensland specifies that clearing does not occur within:
50 metres of each high bank of each stream order 5 and above; and
25 metres of each high bank of each stream order 3 and 4; and
10 metres of each high bank of each stream order 1 and 2 if the waterway is a gully or there is a change in vegetation indicating a riparian zone.
Area to be buffered
Significant vegetation
Buffer
50-200m
Rationale
The DNRW Regional Vegetation Management Code: Southeast Queensland requires:
Corridors of vegetation >200 metres between retained vegetation clumps (>10ha) and remnant vegetation clumps in adjoining properties
Clearing does not occur in State Wildlife Corridors (SEQ Biodiversity Planning Assessment)
The buffer requirements of significant vegetation vary depending on the function of the buffer and the vegetation community being buffered (e.g. heath, tall open forest, riparian forest). Ideally all patches of significant vegetation should be buffered with dense vegetation to reduce "edge effects".
A summary of research on edge effects (Murcia, 1995) found that most abiotic and direct biological edge effects extend 0-50m into bushland. Therefore, densely vegetated buffers of 50m width are desirable to minimize edge effects in patches of significant vegetation.
Soule & Gilpin (1991) define a wildlife corridor as "a linear-two-dimensional landscape element that connects two or more patches of wildlife habitat that have been connected in historical time; it is meant to function as a conduit for animals". In linking areas of otherwise isolated habitat, wildlife corridors facilitate gene flow and colonization of suitable sites, and are critical in the modern disturbed landscape, helping to maximise the biodiversity of a given area can support. Research has shown that small habitats which are physically interconnected to larger source pools of organisms will support and maintain greater species richness than comparable habitats that are not physically connected (Harris and Scheck 1991).
A report prepared by the Queensland Department of Main Roads (2000) entitled Fauna Sensitive Road Design" provides a comprehensive summary of the function and elements of wildlife corridors, the key points of which are summarized below.
Wildlife corridors may vary in their degree of 'value' and 'significance'. The value of a corridor relates to its quality (i.e. size, health, ratio of edge to core habitat etc.). The 'significance' of a corridor relates to the degree to which it connects other vegetation remnants. To be of significance, wildlife corridors must provide a link between relatively large patches of remnant vegetation and should accommodate a variety of species. It is important to note however, that each species has different requirements in terms of habitat and food requirements, and hence require different attributes of a given corridor in order to utilize it. Management of connectivity alone does not necessarily ensure effective function of a corridor. Bennett (1992) (Cited in Queensland Department of Main Roads, 2000) has reviewed several factors that are considered important to gain an understanding of connectivity.
These factors are:
The type and quality of the habitat: does the corridor vegetation provide the habitat and particular resources required by the species concerned? For example, some species may require the presence of hollow logs, and appropriate plant species for foraging and shelter, whilst others may require dense, ground covering shrubbery and the presence of another prey species.
The potential for edge effects: When an edge is created to any natural ecosystem, and the area outside the boundary is a disturbed or unnatural system, the natural ecosystem is seriously affected for some distance in from the edge. In the case of a riparian zone where the adjacent land has been cleared, sunlight and wind penetrate to a much greater extent, drying out the interior of the forest close to the edge and encouraging growth of opportunistic species (which are often pest species) at the edge. Increased frequency of disturbances such as bushfires may also occur close to edges as a consequence of increased desiccation at edges and increased understory growth present because of increased light availability.
Animal mobility: The relative mobility of animals will influence the type and length of corridor they can use. For example, many birds may be able to fly over gaps in suitable vegetation communities, whereas small lizards may be unable to move between these dislocated habitats.
Predation and competition: The presence of predators or competitors in a corridor may inhibit movement, or impose an increased risk of mortality. Movement of introduced predators is often facilitated through corridors, with clear implications for native species that they prey on. Other generalist native species, able to adapt to disturbed environments increase in abundance, discouraging other species from using corridor habitats
Although movement and dispersal of some target species can be achieved within a heterogeneous matrix of patches of vegetation, isolated trees and cleared areas, it is generally accepted that high rates of movement of animals will occur through high quality habitat if it is buffered by medium quality habitat (Figure 4).
FIGURE 4. EXPECTED MOVEMENT RATES OF ANIMALS IN CORRIDORS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF VARIATIONS IN THE QUALITY AND TYPE OF CONNECTIVITY. (SOURCE: QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF MAIN ROADS 2000)
An investigation of corridors and links was undertaken as part of the Caloundra City Habitat and Biodiversity Planning Study (Chenoweth, 2001). This study incorporated an analysis of local, regional and environmental corridor/links data. The key outcome from this project was a detailed habitat network map, incorporated in Caloundra City's planning scheme. The need to protect and enhance environmental corridors features prominently within this report. This theme is also common to the Caloundra City Biodiversity Strategy (2006). Among a list of actions of primary importance within the Strategy is the need to develop a rehabilitation strategy to link isolated remnants and enhance and link environmental corridors.
The Habitat 2000, Wildlife Corridors Report Part A Identification of Wildlife Corridors Stage 1 Caloundra City Council (1999) mapped the major environmental corridors in the city. In doing so the study identifies an area along the Obi Obi Creek just to the north-east of the MCPS as an "area of concern" due to the importance of the Obi Obi Creek riparian corridor for wildlife movement, and the poor state of wildlife corridors in this area.
It is important when developing plans for the management of corridor systems, that careful attention be given to measures which will maximize the value of corridors to suit a variety of species and increase overall connectivity and functionality within the landscape.
Research indicates that to be effective as an environmental corridor, a tract of vegetation needs to be considerably wider than might be required to provide effective buffering functionality. A study of fauna corridors in Eden, New South Wales (Recher et al., 1987) found that corridors of 250m width retained a complete suite of bird species, and that corridors of width >100m retained the full suite of arboreal mammals apart from the Yellow bellied glider, which was only recorded in the widest (250m) corridor. Another study in the U.S.A. found that corridors of 10- 30m above high water mark was required to include 90% of streamside plant species, whereas corridors of 75-175m were required to include 90% of bird species (Spackman and Hughes, 1995).
A general recommendation provided by Catterall et al. (1993) is to avoid having corridors less than 100m in width, and the wider the better. This makes sense, as wider corridors provide opportunity for more heterogeneity of habitat types, and hence opportunities for a greater diversity of vegetation types to establish, hence providing greater heterogeneity in food and shelter options for wildlife. Wider corridors also diminish impacts of adjoining disturbance or anthropogenic activities.
Some researchers view attempts at providing generalizations about optimal corridor dimensions meaningless, noting the heterogeneous natural landscape, and requirements of individual species (Harris and Scheck 1991). They suggest that a more effective approach would be to take into account landform, topography and the native vegetation present including composition, structure and significance. Nevertheless, optimal corridor dimensions are useful to inform legislation. Whilst imperfect, this approach can still afford protection if based on good science.
Current relevant requirements relating to provision and protection of buffers and corridors are as follows:
The DNR&M 'Regional Vegetation Management Code for Southeast Queensland requires the following:
Corridors of vegetation to be greater than 200 metres between retained vegetation clumps (>10ha) and remnant vegetation clumps in adjoining properties. The Caloundra City Plan Natural Waterways and Wetlands code (2004) requires the following:
Buffers of 100m "from the high or outer bank where the waterway supports significant vegetation" or where reinstated vegetation is desirable. Otherwise buffers of 40m from the high or outer bank for water quality purposes. In relation to riparian vegetation zones, the DNRW Regional Vegetation Management Code: (Southeast Queensland) also specifies;
that clearing should not occur within 50 metres of each high bank of each stream (order 5 and above), or; within 25 metres of each high bank of each stream order 3 and 4; or;
within 10 metres of each high bank of each stream order 1 and 2 if the waterway is a gully or there is a change in vegetation indicating a riparian zone. 2.3 Constructed wetlands Urban stormwater pollution is recognised as a significant component of the pollution entering our waterways. Stormwater runoff is typically high in phosphorous, nitrogen, litter, oil/grease and suspended solids. Constructed wetlands are the technology of choice in treatment of a broad range of pollutants in the storm water and wastewater industries (when correctly managed) given their ability to:
Significantly reduce stormwater pollutants;
Provide a buffer to natural aquatic ecosystems;
Create habitat for flora and fauna; and
Provide an attractive public amenity.
Constructed wetlands achieve the desired outcomes through a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes. Biological processes include direct nutrient uptake by wetland plants in addition to nutrient removal processes, aided by micro-organisms found around the root zones of plants, in soil and in the biofilms growing on macrophytes within the waterbody. Some chemicals such as hydrocarbons, metals and organic compounds are broken down or converted into non-harmful forms through chemical processes such as precipitation, volatilisation and oxidation/reduction. Physical processes include slowing down the velocity of water entering the wetland by running stormwater through a densely vegetated area or a deep sedimentation zone to allow sufficient time for the suspended solids to filter or settle out of the water column. Nutrients such as phosphorus are known to bind to soil particles and accumulate in wetland sediments.
Constructed wetlands which are designed to treat stormwater generally consist of an inlet zone (sedimentation basin to remove coarse sediments), a macrophyte zone (a shallow heavily vegetated area to remove fine particulates and uptake soluble pollutants) and a high flow bypass channel. The bypass channel is designed to protect the macrophyte zone from scour and flow associated damage.
As with all constructed or modified wetlands that capture stormwater, each individual wetland must have particular attributes which are shaped by:
the surrounding catchment;
the existing water quality; and
local ecological influences.
Specifications for the design or modification must also be informed by:
stormwater volumes;
stormwater frequency;
stormwater quality;
desired treatment
Revegetation is a key management tool to help rehabilitate areas degraded through inappropriate historical land use. A successfully implemented revegetation program can be used to:
improve water quality;
combat weeds along creeks and in open fields;
create wetlands;
improve soil fertility;
reduce the effects of wind and water erosion;
create alter or improve wildlife habitat; and,
enhance or create fauna corridors.
Revegetation is a sequential process involving a number of steps. Broadly it will involve:
weed control;
plant selection and planting; and
on-going maintenance.
Wherever possible the revegetation effort should be a balance between 'active' revegetation, which is direct planting and weed control, and natural regeneration, whereby natural recruitment and weed suppression is facilitated by the 'active' component of the revegetation.
A revegetation and landscaping plan was developed by Brush Turkey Enterprises for the lot to the west of the MCPS (Lot 3W39648) (Shaw, 200S). The approach employed within the plan is broadly applicable to proposed revegetation activities within the MCPS. The site was broken down into a series of control areas, grouped based on floristics or landform. Different treatments were tailored and applied to these control areas, based on each area's specific revegetation requirements. The plan details various aspects of the stages mentioned above, as well as providing a species list to be used in the revegetation effort.
Weeds and pest animals have a variety of significant impacts, affecting not only the environment but also the economy and social values. Weeds and pests can devalue natural resources, remnant vegetation, reduce biodiversity and impact on human health.
All forms of weed and pest management must be carefully considered prior to implementation. An appreciation of the shift in the site usage and potential opportunities created by the change in land use must also be understood. Existing pest species or perhaps even dominant native species may flourish to become considered pests under the proposed development and future usage patterns. The success of one technique over another for control can vary significantly depending on a variety of factors, including:
the size of the standing population or level of infestation;
time constraints imposed on the management regime;
the constraints of the surrounding environment or the site; and
the proximity of populations that can re-establish a site. On-going success in weed and pest management requires a detailed understanding of the target species, with a focus on factors such as:
life history; fecundity or size of seed bank; and
mobility or dispersal mechanisms.
Knowledge of the above factors will greatly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of a monitoring program, which is an additional aspect essential for the on-going success of a weed or pest control program. Knowledge of the target species and a well designed monitoring program will not only ensure an accurate estimate is made of the population size, but also that managemen and control techniques are employed at times when maximum effectiveness can be achieved.
There is a need to undertake weed control in a staged manner. Whilst undesirable, many of the weed species provide shelter and food, and contribute to corridors for wildlife. Care must be taken to ensure that the environmental benefits provided by adult trees are retained until the native revegetation is able to replace these functions. A detailed weed assessment is needed to ascertain if native fauna are using weed species as habitat and if so careful consideration of a staged weed removal and replacement will have to be considered.
The Land Protection Act 2002 prescribes certain species as being declared pests. These species have been identified as presenting a serious threat to the environment, economy and/or social aspects of Queensland. The Land Protection Act 2002 prescribes that local councils must develop pest management strategies for their regions. Both the former Maroochy Shire and Caloundra City Councils have developed Draft Pest Management Strategy 2007-2011. These plans detail various aspects of pest management in the region, and include detailed information on the weed and pest species, that most affect the environment, economy or social aspects of the region.
The following section directly addresses Objective c) "Describe and scope appropriate environmental management infrastructure for integration into the final Master Plan e.g. wetlands, trails, signage, viewing areas, planted buffers and linkages"
For the purpose of the following discussion, it is assumed that areas proposed to be zoned as 'Environmental Areas' in the approved Concept Plan are intended to (among other things), act as environmental corridors, and buffers for the environmental values they contain. Key features of the proposed Environmental Areas within the approved Concept Plan are:
The proposed Environmental Area surrounding the southern wetland (identified as a Palustrine Wetland Ecosystem, Figure 3) is approximately 100m wide (Figure 2).
The Environmental Area surrounding the northern wetland (Figure 2) varies in width between 10m and more than 100m, however the Environmental Area is dislocated from that surrounding the riparian zone of Obi Obi Creek.
There is no Environmental Area proposed surrounding the eastern wetland (Figure 2), which appears to be lost under the approved Concept Plan.
The Environmental Area along the banks of the Obi Obi Creek is variable in width. It begins as 100m wide in the north east of the site, in zone four (Figure 2), but then varies between 20m and 100m wide along the creek as it meanders west.
There are four small proposed Environmental Areas which are not connected to the other Environmental Areas.
There is a general need to ensure that the width of Environmental Areas throughout the MCPS meet legislative requirements. Even more importantly however, is the need to ensure their application is informed by relevant research, to ensure they will be effective in meeting functional objectives. The 100m wide Environmental Area surrounding the southern wetland in the centre of the site is suitable, as the area is recognized to contain remnants of Palustrine Wetland, a Regional Ecosystem listed as "of concern" under the Vegetation Management Act (1999). The proposed buffers at this location are consistent with the Caloundra City Plan (2004) Natural waterways and wetlands code, which requires buffers of 100m "from the high or outer bank where the waterway supports significant vegetation". Research has also shown that buffers of up to 100m in width may be required to maintain ecological function (Bavins et al, 2000).
Our site visits confirmed that the smaller eastern wetland has similar vegetative composition and environmental values to the southern wetland. The similarities of the wetlands are clearly depicted in Plate 3. As such, we recommend that the eastern wetland should be afforded the same protection as the southern wetland. This should include a buffer area and a corridor link to the riparian corridor of the Obi Obi Creek. This approach is consistent with the Caloundra City Natural waterways and wetlands code, which requires buffers of 50-100m be provided for wetlands and also the DNRW Regional Vegetation Management Code: Southeast Queensland.
The northern wetland is relatively large drainage line that is mostly denuded of vegetation. In the Concept Plan a large Environmental Area of variable width is proposed to surround and buffer the northern wetland and also provide a significant corridor to connect Porters Wood, (an area identified as locally significant in the Caloundra City Plan 2004) to the riparian corridor of the Obi Obi Creek. However, within the Approved Concept Plan the connectivity of the corridor with the riparian corridor along Obi Obi Creek is disrupted by the proposed placement of the South Western Community Residential Area (Figure 2).
The ecological functionality of the corridor connecting Porters Wood to Obi Obi Creek is compromised in the approved Concept Plan. It is recommended that the South Western Community Facilities Area be reconfigured to provide connectivity between Porters Wood, the northern wetland, and Obi Obi Creek.
The junction is also significant from a hydrological perspective, as it connects the northern wetland drainage line to the Obi Obi Creek. It is currently unclear how drainage of the upper catchment would be provided through Zone 6, which is proposed to contain an aquatic centre, learning centre, community hall and the infrastructure required to service these facilities such as parking, in addition to other (as yet undefined) community facilities. Connectivity between Porters Wood and the riparian corridor along Obi Obi Creek could also be enhanced through revegetation along Porters Lane.
The Caloundra City Plan Natural Waterways and Wetlands code (2004) requires buffers of 100m "from the high or outer bank where the waterway supports significant vegetation" or where reinstated vegetation is desirable. Otherwise buffers of 40m from the high or outer bank are required for water quality purposes". Proposed Environmental Areas along Obi Obi Creek through the MCPS vary in width, from 20-25m along the stretch from the proposed South Western Community Facilities Area to the southern wetland, continuing eastward with an average width of 40-50m, with Environmental Areas 100m wide or greater surrounding areas containing the endangered regional ecosystem gallery rainforest (RE 12.3.1) (Figure 3).
There is a need to apply a long-term vision to planning of Environmental Areas throughout the MCPS. A stretch of riparian corridor along the Obi Obi Creek to the North-East of the MCPS has been identified as an area "of concern" in a report prepared for the Caloundra City Council entitled "The Habitat 2000, Wildlife Corridors Report Part A Identification of Wildlife Corridors Stage 1 (1999), recognising the importance of the Obi Obi Creek riparian corridor for wildlife movement, and its present poor condition. In light of this, the intention for the MCPS should be to enhance and reconnect existing remnant pockets of high quality habitat through reinstatement of a network of broad, effective corridors. This approach is consistent with the Caloundra City Biodiversity Strategy (2006), the Caloundra City Habitat and Biodiversity Code, and the Sunshine Coast Growth Management Position Paper (2008) which each identify the need to link isolated remnants, and to enhance environmental corridors. The Caloundra City's draft Background Paper No 1: Introduction, Visions and Aspirations also supports this approach, stating that remnant vegetation, waterways and wetlands should not be subject to further reduction, fragmentation, or isolation, and should be actively expanded, buffered and reconnected.
The proposed Environmental Areas along Obi Obi Creek need to be modified to ensure consistency with the abovementioned requirements and expectations. Whilst the literature is not unanimous in this view, there is evidence indicating that 100m buffers are required to maximize ecosystem function (Bavins et al., 2000, Catterall et al,. 1993, Recher, 1987, Spackman and Hughes, 1995).
Environmental Areas surrounding remnants of gallery rainforest should be 100m wide. A re-vegetated buffer area of 40m should also be provided at a minimum along the Obi Obi Creek throughout the remainder of the site, in areas not containing "endangered" or "of concern vegetation". Depending on the sensitivity of the relevant area, there may be scope for these dimensions to be negotiated in places, in exchange for inclusion of an equal area into Environmental Areas elsewhere.
The following section directly addresses Objective b) Investigate and provide an indicative alignment for the proposed multi-use trails through the environmental area which maximizes recreational and viewing opportunities, whilst minimising potential impacts;
The construction of trails through environmentally valuable areas is an extremely useful way of encouraging the community to appreciate the natural environment. However it is important to retain a balance between providing a trail in an area that people are attracted to because of its natural assets, and protecting the long-term integrity of those assets.
Key strategic documents relating to trail design and function include the Strategy for Regional Trails in South East Queensland (2007) and the Caloundra City Recreational Trails and Links Strategy (2002). Both documents identified highlight the need for the development of more trails to meet increasing demand for outdoor recreational pursuits and provide some guidance on how to meet these needs, whilst retaining environmental and cultural heritage values. The Caloundra City Council and Sport and Recreation Queensland co-funded the development of the Caloundra City Recreational Links and Trails Strategy (2002) to guide the provision of recreational experiences on a wide range of non motorized trails on public lands across the City. The Caloundra Recreation Trails Master Plan was later endorsed by Council in May 2006, in doing so signaling that the Maleny - Gardner's Falls trail as a priority trail for development.
The Caloundra City Recreational Trails and Links Strategy identifies the need to develop a Trail Plan as an essential early stage, to assist in fleshing out issues, requirements, design and function. The Trail Plan must incorporate all of the following information:
Purpose of the trail;
A statement of the constraints and viability of the trail based on environmental, landscape, cultural, historic and land tenure constraints within an acceptable alignment corridor;
The details of trail users and a description of the trail experience including landscape, other natural and cultural heritage interpretive features, opportunities and constraints;
A detailed description of the site including topography, soil, vegetation, waterways or particular geographic features within the trail alignment and immediately adjacent;
Identification of tourism hubs and opportunities to link with other economic development initiatives;
Details on land tenure and land management agencies, permits and/or approvals required and the process for obtaining these;
A map identifying the alignment of the trail, also identifying the special geographical features in relation to the trail alignment;
Construction techniques, identification of bridges or other special elements;
A description of the alignment and guidelines for vegetation removal and revegetation;
Listing of the signage requirements identifying potential interpretive themes and nodes along the trail;
A budget for the construction and a proposed timeframe for the works;
Maintenance and monitoring guidelines;
Associated facilities required; and
Linkages to other networks. (Source, Caloundra City Council, 2002) In considering the appropriate alignment for a trail, consideration should also be given to environmental values of the site, including:
The uniqueness of vegetation present;
The national, state and regional conservation status of flora and fauna;
Ecosystem integrity, evaluating vegetation condition on a scale of one (pristine) to six (completely degraded);
Protection of significant cultural, historical, and vegetation sites;
Protection of critical habitat for uncommon, rare and endangered species; and,
Threats such as plant pathogens to natural assets (SA Govt 2007)
An early stage of the process of developing a train alignment is the identification of control points. Control points are places that a trail should either travel to (places of interest) or avoid (hazards, sensitive areas). Identification of control points will help to determine the start and finish of a trail, and will assist with placement of structures and amenities. Examples of control points are provided in Table 2.
Desirable Control Points Inappropriate Control Points
Scenic overviews Environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. wildlife habitat, rare plant species)
Waterfalls and other water features Steep side slopes
Rocky outcrops Low lying wet boggy areas
Historical sites Water crossings and riparian zones
Geological monuments Sensitive archaeological sites
Archaeological sites Known weed infested or diseased areas
Existing access points, roads, other trails Inappropriate soils (loose sand, boggy clays)
Bike riders tend to travel faster than walkers or horse riders, and therefore trails which are designed to provide passage to bike riders should be designed to have a flow suitable for the intended bike user group. The flow of a trail should also be designed to be compatible with the surrounding environment. In open grasslands with long sightlines, users are inclined to short-cut corners, and so open flowing trails are preferable. In densely vegetated areas however sight lines are more limited, and so it is best to keep speeds down with tighter turns. Ultimately the trail should follow the 'path of least resistance', to ensure that people do not leave the trail to form new, easier routes. However areas can be landscaped to 'block' shortcuts, as shown in Figure 5.
FIGURE 5. USE OF NATURAL FEATURES OR LANDSCAPING TO BLOCK SHORTCUTS (SOURCE: SA GOVERNMENT, 2007)
Trails that avoid straight lines tend to be less visually intrusive, so curves should be planned that follow consistent arcs, optimally, to follow natural flat spots.
It is important to liaise with key stakeholders to develop the final trail plan, to reach agreement on trail dimension, surface type, and type and location of infrastructure (signage, rest points etc).
The appropriate trail surface for a given site is dependent on site-specific conditions, desired outcome, and intended user. Bitumen can be a suitable trail surface for heavily used trails and urbanized areas, but can be aesthetically and environmentally unfavorable in more pristine areas. In such locations a less intrusive, more aesthetically pleasing surface such as a boardwalk, natural earth or possibly crushed natural rock may be preferable. A natural surface can offer the best outcome in terms of aesthetic appearance and minimal impact, however may be inappropriate in areas of high traffic, or unstable sediments (Plate 4). It is important to use materials which are durable, but appropriate for the site context. Often the optimal trail surface will vary along a route using a variety of surfaces or structures depending on factors such as soil structure, sAcsitivity of the surrounding environment, and slope.
PLATE 4 USE OF NATURAL SURFACE CAN BE PREFERABLE IN AREAS WITH HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES, BUT INAPPROPRIATE IN AREAS OF HIGH TRAFFIC, UNSTABLE SEDIMENT, OR FOR CERTAIN USER GROUPS.
Raised platform viewing areas are a good trail feature for a number of reasons. Being raised above ground level, they can be designed in such a way as to be relatively environmentally benign. Additionally, the raised nature of the platform, coupled with the addition of handrails, tends to dissuade users from leaving the platform for an alternative vantage point.
Diverting surface water off the trail is a critical element of trail design to prevent erosion, and formation of boggy areas. Effective techniques to employ for water diversion include outsloping the tread (the path of the trail, see Figure 6), use of grade dips (temporary reversal of the grade of the tread) and waterbars (angling rocks or wood across the trail to divert water off the lower edge) (SA Govt 2007). Waterbars can require more maintenance however, and can be a hazard to users. Incorporating gross pollutant traps through sensitive areas, and vegetated fringes in less sensitive locations can be useful to prevent erosion.
Figure 6. Trail cross section terms and description (Source International Mountain Bicycle Association, 2001)
The appropriate widths of walking trails are set out in the Australian standard for walking trails shown in APPENDIX E. The classification system sets out six separate classes of trails from the highest standard of trail (Class one trail) to a Class six trail. Classes vary in relation to a number of variables, including slope, surface, and width. The following considerations would be taken into consideration when choosing a walking trail class and an appropriate width:
Will the trail attract large numbers of visitors? (If yes - class one or two width 1.2m or greater).
Will wheelchair access be required? (If yes class one- width 1.2m or greater).
Is slope of site greater than 1:10 (if yes class 2 or greater width less than 1.2).
The Australian standard for walking trails only considers the use of trails for walking purposes and does not allow for the additional uses such as horse riding and cycling.
Multi-use trails can be beneficial in terms of maximising use, and for this reason are stated as the preferred option where possible in the Caloundra City Recreational Links and Trails Strategy (2002). However careful planning and design is required to prevent conflict between user groups. The Recreational Links and Trails Strategy identifies that whilst cyclists and walkers can safely utilize the same trails if they are wide enough, surfaces are suitable and users follow guidelines, if possible horse riders and cyclists should have dedicated tracks. Use of appropriate widths, signage and implementation of Codes of Practice can also be useful for this purpose. Trails for mountain bikes use a different classification system ranging from easy to severe. There is also a classification system for horse riding trails, ranging from easy to advanced. These standards should be adopted if specific trails are to be built for these users. There are no multiuse classification systems currently in place, however the "Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice Pedestrians (Part 13) produced by Standards Australia, and the companion document "Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice Bicycles" both of which are endorsed and applied by the SCRC recommends the following in relation to appropriate widths for a shared access path:
Local Access Commuter Recreational
Acceptable Range 2-25.m 2-3.5m 3-4m
Desirable 2.5m 3m 4m
To provide additional guidance, a qualitative review of some of the existing multi-use trails in Australia was undertaken (Table 3).
The full range of groups which are intended to use the proposed multi-use trail network through the MCPS is not currently defined and this can have a significant bearing on the appropriate design and alignment. For example, the design of a multi-use trail will vary considerably in terms of grade, curve radius, width and minimum overhead clearance requirements, depending on whether it is intended for use by cyclists, pedestrians and/or horse riders. Even within user groups there can be conflicting requirements. Technical trail mountain bike riders tend to prefer tight and technical flow (tempo or rhythm of the track design), with numerous obstacles, whereas family or occasional riders tend to prefer short loops with fairly level terrain, with occasional challenges. There is a need to clearly identify appropriate uses of the multi-use trail network through the MCPS, to assist future detailed planning stages.
The alignment of a trail will have a strong impact on the surrounding environment. A trail that interacts too closely or regularly with sensitive habitats may accelerate degradation through providing a pathway for pests, increasing edge effects, and resulting in increased noise/disturbance to the surrounding environment. Equally, an alignment which seeks to avoid all sensitive areas can actually exacerbate degradation as well, as users are compelled to leave
the trail to appreciate the surrounding environment. Clearly an optimal trail alignment provides a compromise between user access, and conservation requirements.
It is important that a trail which follows a watercourse is not aligned too closely to the watercourse, particularly where significant riparian vegetation is present, as the trail can alter species composition and regeneration success through increased edge effects (Plate 5). This can increase prevalence of weeds, and lead to erosion and scouring of river banks during flood events.
Trails should be placed in such a way as to utilize naturally flat areas, and meander between existing trees to minimize the need for removal of native vegetation.
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TABLE 3. MULTI-USE TRAIL REFERENCE SITE DETAILS.
Multiuse trail reference sites
Site
Parklands Conservation
Management Agency
Environmental Protection Agency Qld - Sunshine Coast
Users
Horses, pedestrians and bicycles
Details
Old forestry estate that has been converted into a multiuse conservation park Park
Has multiuse trails for pedestrians, bicycles and horses
Walking trails are considered on the slightly narrow side of the typical QLD multiuse
bicycles trails.
Trail width is 2.0-2.Sm and are the old vehicle tracks or old and existing fire breaks
Some conflict of use between pedestrian and mountain bikes
Some conflict of use between horses and mountain bikes
Exclusion barriers important to allow horses but exclude motorbikes
Site
Yarra Bend National Parks Victoria
Management Agency
Parks Victoria
Users of Trails
Pedestrians
Details
Have multiuse trails for pedestrians and bicycles. Some wider than others, main trails
correspond with point below. Others are smaller riverside tracks without a sealed
bicycles surface.
Vic roads (state government roads department) stipulates that a multiuse path must be
1.5m each direction (3.0m in total) for pedestrians and bicycle riders only.
The wider cement trails have a dividing line in the middle of track to separate directional
users.
Conflict between dog walkers and bike riders
Conflict between bikes and pedestrians
Less conflict on wider 3.Om trails
Site
Mt Buffalo National Park Victoria
Management Agency
Parks Victoria
Users
Horses and pedestrians seperately
Details
Exclude multiple use trials to avoid conflict
Horse trails are operated under strict licensing arrangements including monthly trail
pedestrians repair, horse nappies and limiting numbers.
separately Horses use fire trails that are 3-3.Sm wide.
Exclude mountain bike riders from walking tracks and have specifically designed just for
mountain bikes.
Horses don't like mountain bike riders as they cannot hear them coming
Another important consideration when planning and designing the proposed trail network (and indeed, for the planning of all infrastructure throughout the MCPS), is to ensure Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles are considered. CPTED principles underpin Crime prevention strategies that focus on the planning, design and structure of cities and neighborhoods. It reduces opportunities for crime by using design and placemment principles that reduce the likelihood of essential crime ingredients (law, offender, victim or target, opportunity) from intersecting in time and space."(Queensland Government, 2007)
CPTED principles aim to create the reality (or perception) that the costs of committing crime are greater than the likely benefits. This is achieved by creating environmental and social conditions that:
Maximise risk to offenders (increasing the likelihood of detection, challenge and apprehension);
Maximise the effort required to commit crime (increasing the time, energy and resources required to commit crime);
Minimise the actual and perceived benefits of crime (removing, minimising or concealing crime attractors and rewards); and
Minimise excuse making opportunities (removing conditions that encourage/facilitate rationalisation of inappropriate behavior).
AS 2156.1 - 2001 Walking Tracks Part 1: Classification and Signage provides guidance on fabrication, use and design of interpretive and education signs which provide advisory notes, description of the trail, interpretation of attractions relevant regulations and warnings. Information signs are an integral part of a trail and its development, enhancing user satisfaction and enjoyment, and helping to protect the surrounding environmental assets. Whilst information signage should be tailored to the individual purpose and circumstance of the trail, information signage should include information about:
Required equipment and safety precautions;
The classification of the trail and description of the skill and fitness level required;
Distance and estimated completion time;
Topographical and climatic conditions that should be considered prior to departure;
Availability of facilities such as toilets, drinking water etc along the trail;
Opening and closing times of the trail;
The overall route of the trail (e.g. maps at the trail head and at key locations);
Environmental and cultural sensitivities such as habitat areas and places of Aboriginal significance;
Dangerous places, obstacles and other elements requiring observation; and
Behavioral considerations. (SA Government 2007).
The Caloundra City Recreational Links and Trails Strategy suggests that all communication/interpretation developed for Caloundra's trails should be thematic (i.e. based on a strong, central message that tells a story). The Strategy also summarises a number of landscape themes which would be appropriate for the Maleny Community Precincts site, relating to the formation of the Caloundra City Landscape, and the resultant diversity of habitats and wildlife.
Topics for interpretation include
Mary River Cod in the Obi Obi Creek: key habitat, impacts, and actions to assist recovery.
Platypus in the Obi Obi creek: habitat requirements, impacts, and actions to protect populations.
Regeneration issues and techniques (at appropriate site with 'before' 'during' and 'after' photos
Significant tree species: ecological/cultural uses
Wetland ecology information
Interesting fauna information
Drew et al. (2003) have prepared a comprehensive set of guidelines for producing trail signage, which guides the user on appropriate planning, designing and production approaches for informative interpretive and regulatory signs. These guidelines would be a useful reference resource when developing signage and interpretive panels for the multi-use trail through the MCPS.
The nature of facilities to be provided will vary depending on the intended user groups. There may be possibilities to link with facilities already existing or proposed, thereby avoiding duplication and additional costs.
Parking for cars and horse floats may need to be provided at access points to trails. If so, the range of considerations will include:
The expected volume of traffic;
Safe and convenient access from the adjoining road network, as well as suitable circulation space;
Surface preparation of the car parking area to minimize runoff, dust and boggy conditions; and,
Landscaping to minimize visual impact.
Watering points may also need to be provided, both for trail users and potentially horses. If mains water is unavailable it may be necessary to provide rainwater tanks, to collect rainwater off nearby structures. It is important to note that specific health regulations exist in relation to the provision of drinking water from rain water tanks. It is also important to consider ongoing maintenance requirements.
Any shelters provided should be designed, located and constructed so as to minimize future maintenance requirements and visual impact. A shelter could also function as an interpretive signage point. 3.2.16.4 Waste disposal Lack of appropriate waste disposal opportunities is a commonly stated design flaw of trails. At a minimum, waste disposal facilities should be provided at the trail head and finish.
The need to provide toilet facilities will depend on the anticipated volume of users, and proximity to nearby facilities. Where toilets are required, type (mains sewer, septic tank or composting) access for maintenance, and proximity to watercourses need to be considered.
A preliminary list of control points for the proposed trail along Obi Obi Creek have been identified in Table 4, and is illustrated in Figure 7, however it is recognised that the proposed alignment and design will likely change following development of a trail plan.
The preliminary alignment for the multi-use trail along Obi Obi Creek can be broken down into two broad components. The trail from the western corner of the site in front of the South Western Community Facilities Area, through to the area across from the Erowal Retirement Village passes along relatively degraded, open sections of riparian vegetation, with medium to low slope. Along this stretch the trail alignment could follow the topography relatively close to the creek (with consideration given to flood modeling outputs) with relatively minimal impact.
Such an alignment would provide opportunities for users to appreciate a number of large pools such as that shown in Plate 6, and these would provide interpretive signage opportunities relating to platypus habitat, or rehabilitation techniques. The open, presently degraded nature of the riparian vegetation along this stretch would enable a Class 1 trail to be provided along this stretch with minimal impact, to provide wheelchair, pedestrian, cycle and horse access from the South Western Community Facilities Area to the southern wetland.
Traveling east of this point the slope begins to increase and the riparian vegetation begins to improve in width and quality. From this point a Class 3 walking trail could continue onto Gardeners Falls to cater for walkers, mountain bike riders, and potentially horse riders (however the alignment would need to be appropriate to minimize impacts on the remnant high quality vegetation along this stretch).
A regenerated band of trees approximately 3-4 years old augments the existing remnant riparian vegetation along much of this stretch. Through this section it is recommended that the trail alignment meanders between the boundary of the regenerated stretch and the remnant vegetation, providing opportunities for observing the river, views from high vantage points (Plate 7), or areas of interest in low-risk locations through this area. The revegetation is well advanced, providing the proposed alignment with up to 50% canopy closure (Plate 8), and providing the user with a sense of remoteness without impacting on the remnant riparian vegetation (Plate 9).
In this way the proposed alignment will provide ample opportunity for close proximity appreciation of the river along the trail to the south, and opportunities to appreciate the river, valley and surrounding rainforest from higher vantage points in the eastern half of the site.
The slope, long sight-lines and un-vegetated nature of the proposed trail from Mount Beerwah Viewing Area down to Obi Obi Creek near the southern wetland also lends itself to a multi-use trail designed with cyclists in mind, which could connect up with the Class 1 trail along Obi Obi Creek, looping back past the South Western Community Facilities Area (As shown in Figure 7).
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Desirable Control Points Inappropriate Control Points Lat Long
Gallery Rainforest (sensitive habitat type, steep slope
and loose, highly erosive soils) S 26° 45'40.79" E 152° 52.14.39"
Waypoint 001 - Hilltop view of
large blue quandong Eloeocarpus
grandis S 26° 45'44.5" E152° 52,12.9"
Waypoint 002 Large pool, but rock bar extends out
into water. May encourage users to utilize as
swimming hole. Steep, heavily vegetated slopes with
loose soils leading down to it. S 26° 45' 45.7" E152° 52' 11.5"
Waypoint 003 -
High point view across valley.
Erosive soil, but flat slope.
Would need a raised platform
viewing area. S 26° 45'47.0" E152° 52'14.2"
Waypoint 004 dense stand
of lantana. If removed, would
provide good vista across valley,
and down to river. S26' 45'56.1" E152° 52'17.5"
Waypoint 005 good lookout
over large hole on bend of river.
Good opportunity for interpretive
signage platypus hole.
Steep banks will discourage
walkers from climbing down
for a swim. S26° 45' 54.3" E152' 52' 11.0"
Waypoint 006Good location to
bring trail down onto river.
Large pool, flat slope, rocky banks,
and narrow (though fair condition)
riparian zone). S26° 45' 50.6" E152° S2'04.0"
Waypoint 007 short deviation
from path opportunity into high
quality riparian vegetation, with
view to large pool. Ideal placement
of trail along existing bench. S26' 45' 50.5" E152° 51' 59.2"
Waypoint 008 and 009 poor
riparian vegetation, good opportunity
to bring trail along river for some
distance. S26° 45' 44.4" E152° 51' 43.9"
010 - poor riparian vegetation,
good opportunity to bring trail along
river for some distance. S26° 45' 45.3" E152° 51' 38.9"
Waypoint 011 large pool across
from school. Poor riparian zone,
but good opportunity for interpretive
signage showcasing progressive
rehabilitation activities. S26° 45' 41.1" E152° 51' 35.3" 012
Large fig tree. S 26° 45' 36.2" E152° 51' 35.2"